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English: Transmission and life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via respiratory droplets of infected cases to oral and respiratory mucosal cells. The virus, possessing a single-stranded RNA genome wrapped in nucleocapsid (N) protein and three major surface proteins: membrane (M), envelope (E) and Spike, replicates and passes to the lower airways potentially leading to severe pneumonia. The gateway to host cell entry (magnified view) is via Spike-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction with cleavage of Spike in the prefusion state by proteases TMPRSS-2/furin. A simplified depiction of the life cycle of the virus is shown along with potential immune responses elicited.
Deutsch: Übertragung und Lebenszyklus von SARS-CoV-2 verursachen COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 wird über Atemtröpfchen infizierter Fälle auf Mund- und Atemschleimhautzellen übertragen. Das Virus, das ein einzelsträngiges RNA-Genom besitzt, das in Nucleocapsid (N) -Protein und drei Hauptoberflächenproteine ​​eingewickelt ist: Membran (M), Hülle (E) und Spike, repliziert und gelangt in die unteren Atemwege, was möglicherweise zu einer schweren Lungenentzündung führt. Das Tor zum Eintritt in die Wirtszelle (vergrößerte Ansicht) erfolgt über die Wechselwirkung des Spike-Converting-Enzyms 2 (ACE2) mit der Spaltung von Spike im Präfusionszustand durch die Proteasen TMPRSS-2/furin. Eine vereinfachte Darstellung des Lebenszyklus des Virus wird zusammen mit möglichen ausgelösten Immunantworten gezeigt.
Italiano: Trasmissione e ciclo di vita di SARS-CoV-2 che causano COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 viene trasmesso attraverso goccioline respiratorie di casi infetti alle cellule della mucosa orale e respiratoria. Il virus, che possiede un genoma di RNA a filamento singolo avvolto nella proteina nucleocapsid (N) e tre principali proteine ​​di superficie: membrana (M), busta (E) e Spike, si replica e passa alle vie aeree inferiori potenzialmente portando a una grave polmonite. Il gateway per l'ingresso della cellula ospite (vista ingrandita) avviene tramite l'interazione dell'enzima di conversione Spike 2 (ACE2) con la scissione di Spike nello stato di prefusione da parte delle proteasi TMPRSS-2/furin. Viene mostrata una rappresentazione semplificata del ciclo di vita del virus insieme alle potenziali risposte immunitarie suscitate.
Español: Transmisión y ciclo de vida del SARS-CoV-2 que causa COVID-19. El SARS-CoV-2 se transmite a través de gotitas respiratorias de casos infectados a las células de la mucosa oral y respiratoria. El virus, que posee un genoma de ARN monocatenario envuelto en la proteína nucleocápside (N) y tres proteínas de superficie principales: membrana (M), envoltura (E) y Spike, se replica y pasa a las vías respiratorias inferiores, lo que puede provocar una neumonía grave. La puerta de entrada a la entrada de la célula huésped (vista ampliada) es a través de la interacción de la enzima convertidora de Spike 2 (ACE2) con la escisión de Spike en el estado de prefusión por las proteasas TMPRSS-2/furina. Se muestra una descripción simplificada del ciclo de vida del virus junto con las posibles respuestas inmunitarias provocadas.
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Funk CD, Laferrière C y Ardakani A (2020) Una instantánea de la carrera mundial de vacunas dirigidas contra el SARS-CoV-2 y la pandemia COVID-19. Parte delantera. Pharmacol. 11:937.
Funk CD, Laferrière C and Ardakani A (2020) A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Pharmacol. 11:937.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00937
Autore Colin D. Funk, Craig Laferrière, and Ali Ardakani. Graphic by Ian Dennis - http://www.iandennisgraphics.com
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